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This paper presents a comprehensive design, analysis, and experimental evaluation of a low-cost autonomous robot that combines line-following and obstacle-avoidance behaviours. The platform is built using an Arduino Uno microcontroller, L298N motor driver, two infrared (IR) reflective sensors for line detection, an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor mounted on an SG90 servo for scanning, and a two-wheel differential drive chassis. Starting from a practical tutorial (MA Robotic, 2023), we expand the design into a rigorous engineering study: sensor physics, motor control, system architecture, algorithms, calibration methodology, testing protocols, and a broad set of experiments under varying illumination and surface conditions. The result is a robust, modular educational robot with insights into performance limits, failure modes, and clear directions for enhancements.
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" Line Follower and Obstacle Avoiding Robot Using Arduino and L298 Motor Driver ", International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation (www.ijrti.org), ISSN:2455-2631, Vol.10, Issue 12, page no.a153-a162, December-2025, Available :http://www.ijrti.org/papers/IJRTI2512021.pdf
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2456-3315 | IMPACT FACTOR: 8.14 Calculated By Google Scholar| ESTD YEAR: 2016
An International Scholarly Open Access Journal, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed Journal Impact Factor 8.14 Calculate by Google Scholar and Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool, Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Multilanguage Journal Indexing in All Major Database & Metadata, Citation Generator