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International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation
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ISSN Approved Journal No: 2456-3315 | Impact factor: 8.14 | ESTD Year: 2016
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Issue: April 2026
Volume 11 | Issue 4
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| Paper Title: | Use of Artificial Intelligence in Forensic Investigation: Legal and Ethical Challenges in India |
| Authors Name: | Virendra Kumar , Mansi Srivastava , Devyani Chaudhary , Priyanshi |
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IJRTI_211455
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| Published Paper Id: | IJRTI2604145 |
| Published In: | Volume 11 Issue 4, April-2026 |
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| Abstract: | Artificial intelligence is rapidly transforming forensic investigations in India, from cyber-forensics and digital evidence analysis to automated facial recognition and predictive policing. AI tools assist investigators in processing large volumes of data, identifying patterns, and generating leads that were previously impossible or impracticable through manual methods. However, this technological shift raises complex legal and ethical questions concerning admissibility and reliability of AI‑generated evidence, standards of expert testimony, privacy and surveillance, algorithmic bias and discrimination, and the accountability of both state and private actors involved in AI‑enabled investigations. The paper first outlines the conceptual and technological contours of AI use in forensic investigations in India, including cyber‑forensics, automated facial recognition systems (AFRS), AI‑driven surveillance, and pattern‑recognition tools used by police and forensic laboratories. It then analyses the existing legal framework—particularly the Information Technology Act, 2000; the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023; and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023—together with constitutional jurisprudence post‑Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India, to assess how far these norms regulate AI‑based forensic practices. The paper identifies key legal and ethical challenges: opacity of AI systems and explainability of algorithms; chain of custody and evidentiary integrity; privacy, surveillance and mass data‑collection; algorithmic bias and unequal impact; and the absence of a dedicated AI statute or sector‑specific safeguards for forensic use. Drawing on comparative insights from the European Union’s AI Act and global debates on “responsible AI”, the paper argues for a risk‑based and rights‑oriented regulatory approach tailored to forensic and law‑enforcement contexts. It proposes doctrinal and policy reforms including: statutory standards for admissibility and probative value of AI‑generated evidence; mandatory algorithmic audits and impact assessments; privacy‑by‑design and data‑minimisation in investigative deployments; clear allocation of liability among state agencies, vendors, and experts; and institutional mechanisms for oversight and redress. The paper concludes that without a coherent regulatory framework reconciling innovation with constitutional guarantees of fairness, equality and privacy, AI’s integration into forensic investigations risks undermining due process and public trust in India’s criminal justice system. |
| Keywords: | Artificial Intelligence; Forensic Evidence; Digital Forensics; Automated Facial Recognition; Surveillance; Privacy; Data Protection; Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023; Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023; Justice K.S. Puttaswamy; India. |
| Cite Article: | "Use of Artificial Intelligence in Forensic Investigation: Legal and Ethical Challenges in India", International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation (www.ijrti.org), ISSN:2456-3315, Vol.11, Issue 4, page no.b70-b81, April-2026, Available :http://www.ijrti.org/papers/IJRTI2604145.pdf |
| Downloads: | 00044 |
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2456-3315 | IMPACT FACTOR: 8.14 Calculated By Google Scholar| ESTD YEAR: 2016 An International Scholarly Open Access Journal, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed Journal Impact Factor 8.14 Calculate by Google Scholar and Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool, Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Multilanguage Journal Indexing in All Major Database & Metadata, Citation Generator |
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Published Paper ID: IJRTI2604145
Registration ID:211455
Published In: Volume 11 Issue 4, April-2026
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Page No: b70-b81 Country: Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Research Area: Arts Publisher : IJ Publication Published Paper URL : https://www.ijrti.org/viewpaperforall?paper=IJRTI2604145 Published Paper PDF: https://www.ijrti.org/papers/IJRTI2604145 |
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